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Female Infertility

Women who’ve been attempting pregnancy for 1 year, or for 6 months if over 35 years of age, may seek care for infertility. This describes 1 in 7 of women in the United States. In addition to difficulty getting pregnant, many women also struggle with pregnancy loss, they cannot stay pregnant to deliver a child. The diagnosis and treatment of infertility problems is often confusing. Unlike other illnesses which have a linear stepwise approach to testing and diagnosis, infertility involves two patients and multiple reasons that must be simultaneously addressed. Infertility can be emotionally devastating, particularly when month after month of negative pregnancy tests are seen.



Often patients are prescribed fertility treatments with no precise diagnosis or plan and with limited follow up. When women are unsuccessful and don’t conceive, they may be referred for IVF to a reproductive endocrinologist. This skips over many intermediate steps that are less costly and easier for patients. With the right diagnosis, education and treatment many women will conceive prior to pursuing IVF.  Although knowing when to accelerate to IVF is key.  Many women struggle for much longer than 6-12 months with ineffective and inconsistent care.  By the time they reach a specialist, age becomes a barrier to success, knowing when to move IVF before the loss of eggs is critical to achieving success.  



This website discusses some of the more common causes and Dr. Coussons is available to review records, order additional testing, and make treatment recommendations that often do not require travel to see him. In addition to successful treatment, many causes of infertility raise long-term health risks and must be addressed to improve your health long after childbearing. Problems such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, high cholesterol, and endometrial cancer are seen in a higher percentage of patients that were treated for infertility.


Ovulation

Ovulation disorders—including absent ovulation  (anovulation) and irregular ovulation  (oligo-ovulation)—are among the most common causes of infertility. These issues often stem from hormonal imbalances, such as:


  • PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) – The leading cause, marked by excess adrenal or male type hormones and irregular cycles


  • Hypothalamic dysfunction – Caused by stress, excessive exercise, or low body weight


  • Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) – Decline in ovarian function at a young age


  • Thyroid disorders – Both hypo- and hyperthyroidism disrupt ovulation


  • Pituitary dysfunction – Elevated prolactin suppresses ovulation
Medical Treatment Options
    Ovulation Induction (OI)

        Clomiphene citrate (Clomid) – First-line for PCOS, triggers FSH release


        Letrozole (Femara) More effective than Clomid for PCOS, fewer side effects


        Gonadotropins (FSH/LH injections) – For clomiphene-resistant cases or IVF preparation

    Lifestyle & Adjunct Therapies

        Weight management (even 5-10% loss improves PCOS ovulation)


        Metformin (for insulin resistance in PCOS)

        Thyroid or prolactin treatments

    Advanced Options

        IVF – When OI fails or tubal/male factors coexist


Fast Fact:

Many women with ovulation disorders achieve pregnancy with 

timed intercourse + OI or IUI, avoiding the need for IVF. Early diagnosis and tailored treatment significantly improve success rates. 


Pathway Obstruction

Conception requires clear pathways for eggs, sperm, and embryos—yet structural obstacles often disrupt this process. Blocked fallopian tubes (from infections, endometriosis, or prior surgery) prevent egg-sperm meeting, while hydrosalpinx (fluid-filled tubes) can drain hostile toxins that harm embryos.


Even with open tubes, endometriosis creates an inflammatory pelvic environment through inflammation and scarring, impairing egg quality, fertilization, and implantation. 


Submucosal fibroids distort the uterine cavity, acting like a "IUD effect" to block embryo attachment, and intrauterine adhesions (from prior surgeries or infections) may leave no viable endometrium for implantation.


Treatment depends on the specific barrier:

  • Tubal blocks: Surgery (salpingectomy/repair) or bypass via IVF
  • Endometriosis: Excision surgery (improves natural/IVF pregnancy rates)
  • Fibroids: Hysteroscopic myomectomy (critical for submucosal types)
  • Adhesions: Hysteroscopic lysis (often combined with hormonal support to regenerate endometrium)


Key Insight: While some barriers (e.g., mild endometriosis) may allow natural conception, others (e.g., bilateral tubal occlusion) require IVF. A hysterosalpingogram (HSG) or laparoscopy helps identify these roadblocks early.


(Note: Even "silent" barriers—like small hydrosalpinges—can slash IVF success by 50%, making surgical correction vital.)


Unexplained Infertility

Unexplained infertility is diagnosed when standard fertility testing (ovulation assessment, semen analysis, tubal patency, and uterine cavity evaluation) shows no identifiable cause after 1 year of unsuccessful conception (or 6 months if the female partner is ≥ 35). Despite appearing "normal," subtle factors—like poor egg/sperm quality, mild endometriosis, or dysfunctional embryo implantation—may still be present but undetectable with routine tests.

Approach to Treatment
    Expectant Management (Watchful Waiting)

        For: Younger couples (<35) with shorter infertility duration


        Approach: Continued timed intercourse for 3–6 more months (spontaneous pregnancy rates: ~1–4% per cycle)


        Enhancements: Lifestyle optimization (BMI adjustment, smoking cessation) + ovulation tracking

    Ovulation Induction (OI) + Timed Intercourse/IUI

        Clomiphene or Letrozole (oral medications) to boost egg recruitment


        IUI (intrauterine insemination) bypasses minor sperm/cervical mucus issues


        Success Rates: ~7–15% per cycle (higher with ovarian stimulation vs. natural cycles)

    IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)

        For: Persistent failure with IUI or older patients (≥35) and those with declining ovarian reserve


        Advantages:

        • Reveals hidden issues (poor fertilization, embryo arrest)
        • Highest per-cycle success when compared to IUI and timed intercourse

        Add-Ons:

        • ICSI (if sperm dysfunction suspected)
        • Endometrial receptivity testing (ERA) for implantation dysfunction

    Empiric Treatments (Controversial)

        Laparoscopy: Diagnose/treat silent endometriosis (may improve pregnancy rates)


Key Considerations:

Age Matters

A women's age is the number one predictor of success in fertility treatment. IVF is recommended sooner for women ≥ 35 due to declining ovarian reserve.

Phychological Impact

The "unknown" cause can be stressful—counseling and other non-traditional treatments like acupuncture may reduce stress.

Limit IUI Attempts

Move to IVF after 3–6 failed cycles (minimizes time loss).

Bottom Line:

Unexplained infertility often reflects undiagnosable subtle dysfunctions. A stepwise approach—from IUI to IVF—balances efficacy and cost.


(Note: ~10–30% of unexplained cases conceive spontaneously while waiting for treatment—but age and duration of infertility guide urgency.)

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